परिचय
पॉलिएथिलीन (PE) विश्व का सबसे व्यापक रूप से उत्पादित थर्मोप्लास्टिक पॉलिमर है और प्लास्टिक उद्योग के मूलभूत कच्चे मालों में से एक है। इसे एथिलीन के पॉलीमराइजेशन द्वारा बनाया जाता है और इसकी कम लागत, रासायनिक प्रतिरोध, नमी प्रतिरोध, मजबूती, विद्युत इन्सुलेशन और फिल्मों, बोतलों, पाइपों, केबल इन्सुलेशन तथा कई अन्य उत्पादों में व्यापक प्रोसेसेबिलिटी के लिए मूल्यवान माना जाता है।
PE एक single material नहीं बल्कि ग्रेडों का परिवार है जिनकी विशेषताएं chain branching, molecular weight, density और crystallinity द्वारा नियंत्रित होती हैं। मुख्य व्यावसायिक प्रकारों में low-density polyethylene, linear low-density polyethylene, medium-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene और cross-linked polyethylene शामिल हैं, प्रत्येक एक अलग प्रदर्शन niche रखता है। इसकी प्रभुत्व की जड़ें प्रचुर एथिलीन फीडस्टॉक, परिपक्व catalytic और high-pressure उत्पादन मार्गों तथा extrusion, blow molding, injection molding और rotomolding जैसे high-volume converting प्रक्रियाओं के साथ संगतता में हैं।
साथ ही, PE वर्तमान प्लास्टिक sustainability debates के केंद्र में है। इसका कम वजन और लंबा सेवा जीवन material use और transport emissions को कम कर सकता है, लेकिन इसका fossil feedstock आधार, packaging leakage और multilayer या contaminated formats में recycling की चुनौतियाँ प्रमुख चिंताएँ बनी हुई हैं। नवाचार अब mechanically और chemically recycled PE, अधिक circular packaging design, bio-based ethylene मार्गों, improved catalysts और performance upgrades पर केंद्रित है जो utility को बनाए रखते हुए environmental burden को कम करते हैं।
इतिहास और विकास
पॉलिएथिलीन 20वीं सदी के शुरुआती polymer chemistry से उभरा और controlled polymerization technologies के विकास के बाद एक औद्योगिक material बना। प्रारंभिक व्यावसायिक PE high-pressure processes द्वारा उत्पादित किया जाता था, जबकि बाद में catalytic systems ने lower-pressure production और अधिक सटीक रूप से tailored grades के निर्माण को सक्षम किया।
सामग्री का तीव्र विस्तार packaging, consumer goods, wire and cable तथा infrastructure markets के postwar विकास द्वारा संचालित था। समय के साथ उद्योग ने soft, highly flexible LDPE films से लेकर stiff HDPE piping materials और exceptionally abrasion-resistant UHMWPE components तक ग्रेडों का एक spectrum विकसित किया। यह grade diversification PE के volume के हिसाब से सबसे बड़े plastic family बनने के मुख्य कारणों में से एक है।
संदर्भ
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