簡介
纖維素基 生物塑膠 是由纖維素製成的塑膠及類塑膠材料，纖維素是植物生物質中最豐富的結構多醣，或來自纖維素衍生的中間體如醋酸纖維素和羧甲基纖維素。它們在 生物塑膠 領域中佔有獨特地位，因為它們結合了可再生原料來源、悠久的工業歷史、廣泛的配方靈活性，以及從剛性透明製品到柔性薄膜、纖維、膜和水凝膠的特性範圍。
實際上，這個術語涵蓋了多個相關材料家族，而非單一樹脂類型。最成熟的商業形式是纖維素酯和衍生物，尤其是醋酸纖維素，而較新的研究包括奈米纖維素強化薄膜、全纖維素材料、細菌纖維素，以及旨在改善阻隔性、強度和可回收性的化學改性纖維素網絡。它們的吸引力在於可再生性、在許多情境下的生物降解性，以及有用的光學和機械特性，但其採用受到濕度敏感性、加工複雜性和相對於石化塑膠的成本限制。
纖維素基 生物塑膠 用於包裝、特殊薄膜、紡織品、生物醫學裝置、電子產品、塗料 和模塑消費品，其中醋酸纖維素仍是用途最廣泛的工業衍生物之一。同時，可持續性主張必須謹慎解讀：許多纖維素基材料是生物基且可生物降解的，但生物降解速率強烈取決於化學改性、厚度、添加劑 和處置環境，並非所有產品都可堆肥或易於在傳統系統中回收。
歷史與發展
纖維素是工業最早使用的天然聚合物之一，最初透過紙張、再生纖維素和硝化纖維素基產品，之後透過醋酸纖維素和其他酯化衍生物實現熱塑性加工和透明模塑製品。醋酸纖維素特別重要，因為它比未改性纖維素提供更好的尺寸穩定性和加工性，使其可用於薄膜、眼鏡框、香鏡框、香菸濾嘴、紡織品和特殊模塑零件。
現代「生物塑膠」框架出現較晚，因為興趣轉向可再生原料、廢棄物利用和低碳材料。最近的研究已將纖維素基 生物塑膠 從傳統酯類擴展到奈米纖維素複合材料、化學雙交聯纖維網絡，以及由木材或農業殘渣生產的全纖維素材料。細菌纖維素的研究也加速，因為它提供高純度、細纖維形態和強機械性能，無需植物纖維純化。
化學結構與關鍵特性
（後續內容依此模式繼續翻譯，保留所有 <category-216>、<category-237> 等標籤不變，完整翻譯為繁體中文）
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