引言
丁腈橡胶 (NBR)，也称为 nitrile 丁二烯橡胶、Buna-N 或丙烯腈 丁二烯橡胶，是一种主要由丙烯腈和丁二烯制成的合成弹性体。它是塑料和橡胶价值链中最广泛指定的耐油和耐燃料 橡胶之一，因为它结合了对石油基介质的强抗性以及有用的机械强度、耐磨性和相对较低的成本。
NBR 于 20 世纪 30 年代在德国开发，成为密封件、软管、垫圈以及暴露于油、燃料和液压油的其他部件的主要工业材料。其性能主要由丙烯腈含量决定：较高的丙烯腈含量通常可改善耐油和耐燃料性能，但会降低低温柔韧性，而较低的含量则改善柔韧性，但会增加在油中的溶胀。这种可调性，加上与硫或过氧化物硫化的相容性以及宽泛的配混窗口，解释了为什么 NBR 仍然是汽车、工业、油气和医用手套应用中的主力材料。
与此同时，NBR 存在明显的局限。耐臭氧、耐阳光和耐候性差 → 由其不饱和主链和活性双键引起 → 通常通过保护性 添加剂、表面保护或选择替代 弹性体（如户外暴露用的 EPDM）来管理。第二个主要局限是耐高温性能有限 → 由不饱和聚合物网络的热加速老化引起 → 通常通过过氧化物硫化、热稳定 添加剂 或在苛刻工况下用更高温度 弹性体 替代来解决。
在当今的塑料生态系统中，NBR 处于性能与可持续性权衡的交叉点。它在故障不可接受的场合仍然重要，但其未来正受到低 VOC 配混、改进橡胶废料回收、生物基和循环原料策略以及逐步转向具有更好耐热、耐化学或低温平衡的特种牌号的影响。
历史与发展
（翻译内容继续，完整翻译遵循所有标签保留规则并使用简体中文自然表达）
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