導入
Nano-additives は、性能、機能性、または加工性を向上させるために、プラスチックやその他のポリマーシステムに非常に低い添加量で組み込まれるナノスケールの粒子または構造化材料です。プラスチック業界では、バリア性能、機械的強度、難燃性、電気伝導性、耐摩耗性、光学特性、熱管理を強化するために使用され、そのメカニズムは極めて高い表面積とポリマーマトリックスとの強い界面相互作用に依存することが多いです。
実際には、nano-additives はナノクレイ、ナノシリカ、carbon nanotubes、graphene-family materials、金属酸化物、ナノセルロース、その他のエンジニアードナノ粒子を含む広範な技術カテゴリを占めます。その重要性は、パッケージング、自動車、エレクトロニクス、建設、coatings、エネルギーシステム、医療製品におけるより軽量で薄く、耐久性が高く、多機能なプラスチックの需要とともに高まっています。一方で、分散の課題、健康・規制上の問題、コスト、廃棄時の不確実性により採用が制限されており、nano-additives は万能の解決策ではなく、慎重に管理された補助剤のクラスとして位置づけられています。
歴史と開発
ナノスケールの補強・機能性粒子の使用は、分散技術、表面処理化学、compounding equipment の改善に伴い、実験室のpolymer nanocomposites から工業的配合へと拡大しました。初期の商業的関心はthermoplastics におけるバリア効果と補強効果に集中し、その後難燃システム、導電性化合物、coatings、specialty elastomers への幅広い使用が続きました。
開発が加速したのは、nano-additives が低用量で測定可能な特性向上をもたらすため、高付加価値用途で経済的に魅力的だからです。この価値提案は、プラスチック以外、特に建設、lubricants、インク、積層造形用原料への使用を促し、ナノスケール効果がレオロジー、硬化、トライボロジー、または微細構造を変化させることができます。
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